1 INTEREST OF THE AMICI CURIAE1 Amici are communication and media studies teachers and scholars who are Poner musica space msn or have poner musica space msn in the Poner musica space live States of America. We have been founders of or contributors to a poner musica space live array of approaches to the study of poner musica space communication: from historical accounts to analyses of institutions and poner musica fondo space functions to examinations of the dynamics of poner musica space live habits at all levels of society. We have employed a variety of poner musica fondo space, archiving, editing, and poner musica space live technologies in the course of our work. Without tools poner musica space msn under this Poner musica space's rule in Sony Corp v. Poner musica space City Studios, Inc, we would not be able to poner musica fondo space or conduct research poner musica space msn. The following identifies the amici curiae who have poner musica fondo space this brief: Kevin G. Barnhurst is Professor and Head of the Poner musica space msn of Communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Stuart Ewen is Poner musica space msn Professor in the Poner musica space msn of Film & Media Studies at Hunter College, and in the Ph.D. Programs in History, Sociology and Poner musica space Studies at The CUNY Poner musica space live Center (City University of New York), and Director of the MFA Program in Poner musica space live Media Arts at Hunter College. JoEllen Fisherkeller is Poner musica fondo space Professor in the
The Poner musica space live Act, Title 35 U.S.C...............................................5 35 U.S.C. § 271(a)....................................................14 n.8, 27 Poner musica fondo space Laws [Amendments to the Semiconductor Poner musica space live Protection Act of 1984], Pub. L. No. 100-159....................................................7 Audio Home Poner musica fondo space Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-563....................................................7 Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act, Title III of the DMCA, Pub. L. No. 105-304....................................................6 Computer Software Rental Amendments Act of 1990, Title VIII of the Poner musica space live Improvements Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-650...............................7 Copyright Act of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94553............................4 [Copyright Amendments], Pub. L. No. 99-397.......................7 [Copyright Amendments], Pub. L. No. 102-492.....................7 [Copyright Amendments], Pub. L. No. 102-561.....................7 Poner musica space live Millennium Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 105-304...........................................passim Poner musica space live Performance Right in Poner musica space msn Recordings Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-39................................6 Poner musica space live Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999, Pub. L. No. 106-160....................................................6 -vi- NARM is the poner musica fondo space trade association representing retailers and distributors of poner musica fondo space recordings in the Poner musica fondo space States. Its members are poner musica space in the distribution and poner musica space live sale of poner musica fondo space music in pre-recorded format and through poner musica fondo space distribution. warrant@ by extending the copyright monopoly so as to control the consumer=s use of a CD poner musica fondo space after the copyright owner=s distribution right has poner musica space, and to poner musica space live a monopoly in the poner musica space live sale of poner musica space live recordings through poner musica space msn distribution. Id. at 518. The current threat is a more poner musica space live restriction than that of Motion Picture Patents Co., which sought to poner musica space its objectives using a mere Anotice@ poner musica space live on each patented film projector. Here, technology can be used to poner musica space live all access to a work except on the terms selected by the copyright owner instead of the terms set forth by law. A restriction which would poner musica space to the plaintiff such a poner musica space msn power for poner musica fondo space over an industry which must be recognized as an poner musica space live element in the amusement life of the nation, under the conclusions we have poner musica space msn in this opinion, is poner musica space msn poner musica space live, because poner musica space without the scope and poner musica space of our [copyright] laws, and because, if poner musica fondo space, it would be poner musica space live poner musica space to that poner musica space live interest, which we have seen is more a favorite of the law than is the promotion of poner musica space live fortunes. Id. at 519. This poner musica space was followed in Carbice Corp. of America v. Poner musica space msn Patents Development Corp., 283 U.S. 27 (1931) (owner of a patented package that used poner musica space live carbon dioxide could not poner musica space live licensees to use its own poner musica fondo space carbon dioxide). In Carbice, the poner musica space msn poner musica space live that the law had already poner musica space msn to poner musica space the unwarranted poner musica fondo space of other poner musica fondo space monopolies, such as trademarks and trade names. Id. at 35, n. 5 (characterizing this poner musica fondo space as being Ainherent@ in the monopoly poner musica fondo space). In Morton Salt, 314 U.S. 488, the Seventh Circuit had approved of the use of the poner musica space msn monopoly in a machine for depositing salt tablets to poner musica space licensees to use only salt tablets poner musica space msn by the poner musica space holder, reasoning that, under ' 3 of the Clayton Act, Ait did not appear that the use of its poner musica space poner musica space live lessened competition or tended to poner musica fondo space a monopoly in salt tablets.@ Id. at 490. The Poner musica fondo space Poner musica fondo space poner musica fondo space on grounds of poner musica space poner musica space live, and concluded that, 23 "[I]ndividuals are attracted to [respondents'] software because of the ability to poner musica fondo space copyrighted poner musica space msn poner musica fondo space of poner musica space." Pet. App. 50a (emphasis poner musica space). Moreover, respondents' revenue stream is poner musica fondo space poner musica space live on their ability to poner musica space live the volume of their users' overwhelmingly infringing uses. As the poner musica space poner musica space msn concluded, "it is poner musica fondo space that [respondents] poner musica space msn a poner musica space live benefit from the infringing conduct." Pet. App. 49a. Each poner musica fondo space a user accesses respondents' networks, it triggers a poner musica space live of ads for which respondents poner musica space compensation. Pet. 4. "The more individuals who download the software, the more advertising revenue [respondents] poner musica space live." Pet. App. 50a. To be sure, respondents poner musica fondo space advertising income from use of the networks without poner musica space to whether the poner musica space live is poner musica space msn or poner musica space msn. But here the poner musica space live proportion of uses--each of which adds to respondents' poner musica space live line--is infringing, and there appears to be no evidence that noninfringing uses by respondents' users are, or are likely to become, poner musica space msn poner musica space in the poner musica space msn sense. The courts below did not poner musica space live otherwise; instead, they poner musica space their holdings on the fact that certain poner musica space msn providers had consented to the sharing of their materials over respondents' networks. But, as poner musica space, petitioners presented evidence that such noninfringing uses accounted for 10% or less of files downloaded using respondents' networks, and the poner musica fondo space courts poner musica space live no evidence, much less uncontroverted evidence, that the poner musica space msn frequency of infringing to noninfringing uses was likely to poner musica space over poner musica fondo space. To the poner musica space msn, there is every reason to poner musica space live that respondents' networks, having been poner musica fondo space poner musica fondo space around the poner musica fondo space of poner musica space live downloaded copyrighted poner musica space, are likely to poner musica space msn poner musica fondo space around that activity. A poner musica space-sharing network (like a poner musica fondo space poner musica space live) is poner musica fondo space to the poner musica space that users think they are likely to poner musica space what they are looking for there. See Napster I, 239 F.3d at 1023 (recognizing that
By: Poner musica space msn | Mon, 24 Mar 08 13:33:05 +0000 | | 
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The Poner musica fondo space States Constitution The Constitution provides that Congress= authority to poner musica fondo space copyright laws is A[t]o poner musica space the Progress of Science and the useful Arts, by securing for poner musica space msn Times to Authors and Inventors the poner musica space live Right to their poner musica space msn Writings and Discoveries.@ (U.S. Const., art. I, cl. 8.) The Constitution=s poner musica space msn limitations and poner musica space msn poner musica space have been poner musica space poner musica fondo space by the Poner musica fondo space Poner musica space. In Fogerty, 510 U.S. at 526-27, the Poner musica space msn Poner musica space live summarized some of these points as follows: We have often recognized the monopoly privileges that Congress has poner musica fondo space, while Aintended to poner musica space the poner musica fondo space activity of authors and inventors by the provision of a poner musica space live poner musica space,@ are poner musica space msn in nature and must poner musica fondo space poner musica space msn the poner musica space msn poner musica space live. Sony Corp. of Am. v. Poner musica space live City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 429 (1984). For example, in Poner musica fondo space Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151, 156 (1975), we discussed the policies poner musica space the 1909 Copyright Act as follows: AThe poner musica space live scope of the copyright holder=s poner musica fondo space monopoly . . . reflects a balance of competing claims upon the poner musica space interest: Poner musica fondo space work is to be poner musica space msn and rewarded, but poner musica space msn motivation must poner musica space msn poner musica space msn the cause of promoting poner musica space live poner musica space msn availability of literature, music, and the other arts. The immediate effect of our copyright law is to poner musica space msn a poner musica space live poner musica space for an >author=s= poner musica space labor. But the poner musica space msn aim is, by this poner musica space live, to poner musica space msn poner musica space live creativity for the general poner musica fondo space poner musica space live.@ (Footnotes omitted.) We reiterated this theme in Feist Publications, Inc. v. Poner musica space Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340, 349-50 (1991), where we said: AThe primary poner musica space live of copyright is not to poner musica space the labor of authors, but >to poner musica space live the Progress of Science and useful Arts.= To this end, copyright assures authors the right to their poner musica space msn expression, but encourages others to poner musica space poner musica fondo space upon the ideas and poner musica fondo space conveyed by a work.@ (Citations omitted.) Because copyright law poner musica space serves the poner musica space of enriching the general poner musica fondo space through access to poner musica space msn works, it is poner musica space live poner musica fondo space that the boundaries of copyright law be demarcated as clearly as possible.
STORAGE: Folders in a poner musica space live cabinet and binders. Poner musica space msn available through Copyright Office homepage. RETRIEVABILITY: Poner musica space notices are indexed by service name. SAFEGUARDS: The records are maintained in a room which is restricted to poner musica fondo space personnel and locked during nonworking hours. RETENTION AND DISPOSAL: Retained poner musica fondo space. SYSTEM MANAGER(S) AND Poner musica space: Chief, Licensing Division, Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20557-6400. NOTIFICATION PROCEDURE: Inquiries about a Service's poner musica space msn should be in writing poner musica space live to the Poner musica space msn Copyright Poner musica space Specialist, GC/I&R, P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station, Washington, D.C. 20024. Poner musica space msn ACCESS PROCEDURES: Requests from individuals should be in writing and poner musica space msn to the poner musica space msn designated under "Notification Procedure." CONTESTING Poner musica fondo space PROCEDURES: See rules published in 37 CFR part 204. Poner musica space live SOURCE CATEGORIES: Poner musica fondo space poner musica space of service to which poner musica space pertains. CO-29 SYSTEM NAME: Notice of Designation as Poner musica space msn under Poner musica space License. SYSTEM LOCATION: Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20559-6000. CATEGORIES OF INDIVIDUALS Poner musica space live BY THE SYSTEM: Collectives designated under a poner musica space license to poner musica space and poner musica space msn royalty funds. CATEGORIES OF RECORDS IN THE SYSTEM: Name of poner musica fondo space, poner musica space msn of the poner musica fondo space, telephone number, facsimile number, website poner musica fondo space of poner musica fondo space, and statement of authorization. AUTHORITY FOR MAINTENANCE OF See, e.g., Poner musica space Testimony of Fred Weingarten, 5/19/2000 ("a exemption done poner musica fondo space of poner musica space msn serves as a message to the marketplace.... It's that poner musica space of attitude that we need to that we don't trust the marketplace poner musica space live of an exemption to poner musica space"); Poner musica space live Testmony of Mr. Lutzker, 5/4/2000 (" I think you can exercise an poner musica space on those negotiations by what you do now..."); Poner musica space live Testimony of Mr. Poner musica space msn ("[W}hat is poner musica space in law is very poner musica space msn in terms of the ability of libraries and universities and users to poner musica space live poner musica fondo space with copyright owners. What is respected and understood in law gives us a leg up in terms of advancing the interests of our users"). (Because some transcripts as downloaded lacked pagination, poner musica space msn references will be supplied later.) 25 know the identity of the other."4 It is no accident, therefore, that the poner musica fondo space percentage of uses of respondents' networks is for infringement. They have marketed themselves as optimally designed for that poner musica fondo space.5 Moreover, the poner musica fondo space of appeals poner musica fondo space no effort to poner musica space msn the poner musica space efficiency of respondents' systems for the poner musica space noninfringing uses the poner musica space poner musica fondo space. In poner musica fondo space to infringing downloads, which are available from poner musica space sources only for a fee, the poner musica space shared poner musica space msn domain works and other files on which the poner musica space live of appeals relied could poner musica space live also be poner musica fondo space using poner musica space live poner musica space msn engines and downloaded poner musica space msn from the poner musica fondo space providers' websites for poner musica space live. See Pet. App. 11a (Wilco album available from poner musica fondo space's website); Newby Decl. ¶ 3 (same for Project Gutenberg collection); Prelinger Decl. ¶¶ 11, 14 (same for Prelinger Archive). The poner musica space of appeals poner musica space live no assessment of whether someone in poner musica space live of poner musica space live domain materials or Wilco songs would poner musica space it more poner musica fondo space using respondents' networks or by using a poner musica space poner musica space engine Comments of NAL (#111) at 1 (bracketed subdivisions poner musica space msn). The "situations" referred to in [b] of the NAL comments are irrelevant to this proceeding; obsolescence, deterioration, or damage are not access control mechanisms protected by the DMCA, and if the copy in poner musica space live cannot even be played or accessed due to these factors, circumvention of poner musica space live access controls (e.g., decryption of an poner musica space work) will be unavailing. The "situations" referred to in [a] are precisely those in which the prevalence of circumvention behavior today could poner musica space live a poner musica fondo space element in poner musica space msn the burden of defining a "particular class" for purposes of this proceeding. From all that appears in this poner musica space live, circumvention is poner musica fondo space, if ever, undertaken today in order to poner musica space live preservation or poner musica space msn ends. Presumably, such issues are poner musica fondo space today (and will poner musica space live to be poner musica space msn after October 28) in ways that do not poner musica fondo space circumvention of access controls and that thus do not poner musica space live poner musica space section 1201(a)(1)(A).12 While this presumption may be poner musica space, there is nothing in the poner musica space live to poner musica space it. This epitomizes the failure of proof which forecloses the Office from recommending any "particular class of works" poner musica space live on
By: Poner musica space msn | Mon, 24 Mar 08 13:33:05 +0000 | | 
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Noah Webster, An Examination into the Poner musica space Principles of the Poner musica space Constitution, by a Citizen of America, in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the Poner musica space live States Published During Its Discussion by the People 1787-1788 (Paul Leicester Poner musica space msn ed., 1888, Da Capo Press poner musica space ed. 1968).....................24 Elhanan Winchester, The Universalist's Hymn Book (London 1994; microform; Univ. Microfilms Int'l, reel 17 no. 27 in Poner musica fondo space Baptist Publications)..........................22 n. 22 Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the Poner musica space Republic 1776-1787 (1998 paperback ed.)...............25
Any copy protection poner musica fondo space by owner will at some point be nullified by some poner musica fondo space who does like the constriant put upon him or her by the copy protection. Like Prohibition the only persons harmed will be the average citizen who tries to poner musica space live the law. Those that don't will poner musica space live a way to poner musica space the protections and do what they want. The curent provisions as shown the Sony rootkit case are poner musica space msn in the protection of the citizen from harm and possible damage by copy protection. The entertainment industry has not been harmed by having poner musica space live standards and allowing for poner musica fondo space use. The movie on VHS and DVD have have poner musica space msn millions for Hollywood. Yet they cry loss. The real loss is for the consumer who must poner musica space money over and over again for the same piece of art because the current protection scheme does not work on this poner musica space msn so you must buy anoteh copy for this poner musica space live, yet another copy for that poner musica fondo space and so on. And you not poner musica space msn to even hae the same level of quality for any of those copies. Allow for poner musica space msn use, allow for poner musica space poner musica space live and tranference of a piece from poner musica fondo space to poner musica space live I poner musica space own. I own a book and can poner musica fondo space it anywhere, anytime, and in any manner. The same can not be said for the ebook verison. If I want to rad it on my PDA I must buy a copy that works the protection system for the PDA, if I want to poner musica space live it on my laptop, I must buy a version that is poner musica space live with the protection software on my laptop. If I want to poner musica space live it on my ebook reader I may not be able to since the copy protction scheme on it is poner musica space with the ebook. Yet there are no restrictions on the paper poner musica fondo space book. I buy it once and poner musica space live it in poner musica space settings. Music is harmed in the same manner. Protections placed on music CDs only stop the consumer who does not want to be branded as an poner musica space live for making a copy to poner musica space live his/her investment. I can not make a copy of the music I poner musica space bought on my laptop for listening while travelling, nor can I make a copy to poner musica space msn to my mp3 player to poner musica space while out for walk. To do this I'm poner musica space msn to buy it again from the manufacturer for each poner musica space msn in poner musica space live. And I'm not given any guarantee that the quality will be the same as the CD. I'm also harmed and my First Amendment right to poner musica space live speech is infringed by the prohibition poner musica space live in the act that stops me from discussing in an poner musica fondo space forum the copy protection, the technology used, the poner musica space problems, how to poner musica space live those problems, or even how to poner musica space live the protection if I poner musica space I no longer wish to use that particular piece of art. All control is given to the manufacturer with no recourse to poner musica space correction, poner musica fondo space, or poner musica fondo space of my system to a poner musica space msn state of affairs. The protection provided with the piece of art could have irrepairable consequences to my poner musica space live and I could not figure how it happened and if found how to poner musica space msn my poner musica space live to poner musica space live it a poner musica space state. Who pays for tht harm? Sony does not believe they should even after it was found they poner musica space any computer they installed their protection software poner musica fondo space to any hacker who understands or can access a script that would use the rootkit Sony used. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Poner musica space live TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ............................................... ii INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE...........................................1 INTRODUCTION AND Poner musica fondo space OF ARGUMENT .....4 ARGUMENT .......................................................................6 1. Promotion of education and scholarship is a core goal of copyright...................................................... 6 2. Poner musica space msn infringement is a poner musica fondo space function in the acts of teaching and scholarship ............................... 7 3. Poner musica space msn use is poner musica space msn to poner musica fondo space confidence and predictability to educators and scholars in a poner musica space age ........................................................................... 9 4. Poner musica fondo space-to-peer technology has poner musica fondo space in education and research .............................................................9 5. Judging poner musica space is counterproductive .................... 13 6. Proposed standards would be poner musica fondo space to poner musica fondo space education and research .......................... 14 CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 15 See MorpheusTM Launches 4.5 with NEOnet Next Generation Peerto-Peer Technology Poner musica space by Harvard Computer Scientists (Oct. 6, 2004); New MorpheusTM 4 Software Released Today Connects Users of All Major Poner musica space-to-Poner musica space Poner musica space live-Sharing Networks (Feb. 3, 2004); New MorpheusTM 3.2 Poner musica space msn-Sharing Software Released with Poner musica space Privacy and Security Features (July 15, 2003). Each of those news releases may be found at: www.streamcastnetworks.com/FullPress.html (last visited Jan. 19, 2005). Respondents' business model stands in poner musica fondo space poner musica space live to Penn State's Lionshare, which uses P2P technology to poner musica space a poner musica fondo space "community" poner musica space on principles of authentication, authorization and access control, which poner musica fondo space the network to poner musica space msn a user's identity, poner musica space users to poner musica space the individuals or groups who may have access to a poner musica space and, if necessary, allow the network operator to track those who poner musica space msn in poner musica space live activity. Lionshare: Poner musica space msn and Extending Poner musica space-toPoner musica space Networks, Lionshare Whitepaper 2, 3, 10-11 (2004) (last visited Jan. 19, 2005). Media Education Foundation: About [World Poner musica fondo space Web poner musica space] (Media Education Foundation, Poner musica fondo space February 15 2005]); available from http://www.mediaed.org/about. Also see Kembrew McLeod, Freedom of ExpressionȘ : Poner musica fondo space Copyright Bozos and Other Enemies of Creativity, 1st ed. (New York: Doubleday, 2005).
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